Plant-Ant Mutualisms

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Baker, H.G. and I. Baker. 1977. Intraspecific constancy of floral nectar amino acid complements. Botanical Gazette 138(2):183-191.

Beattie, A.J. 1985. The Evolutionary Ecology of Ant-Plant Mutualisms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Bentley, B.L. 1977. The protective function of ants visiting the extrafloral nectaries of Bixa Orellana (Bixaceae). Journal of Ecology 65 (1): 27-38.

Bentley, B.L and T. Elias. 1983. The Biology of Nectaries. Columbia University Press, New York.

Boucher, D.H., S. James, and K.H. Keeler. 1982. The ecology of mutualism. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13:315-347.

Bronstein, J.L. 1994. Our current understanding of mutualism. The Quarterly Review of Biology 69(1):31-51.

Cushman, J.H. and A.J. Beattie. 1991. Mutualisma: Assessing the benefits to hosts and visitors. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6(6):193-195.

DeVries, P.J. 1997. The Butterflies of Costa Rica – Volume II: Riodinidae. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Duckett, C.N. 1987. The natural history of an undescribed neotropical flea beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) and its relationship to oviposition in the butterfly, Heliconius Hewitsoni, and to other local Alticines. M.A. Dissertation, University of Texas.

Durkee, L.T. 1978. The structure and function of extrafloral nectaries of Passiflora. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Iowa.

Gilbert, L.E. 1982. The coevolution of a butterfly and a vine. Scientific American 247:110-121.

Gilbert, L.E. 1983. Coevolution and mimicry. Pages 263-281 in D.J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin, eds. Coevolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.

Huxley C.R. & D.F. Cutler. 1991. Ant-Plant Interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Janzen, D.H. 1966. Coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias in Central America. Evolution 20: 249-275.

Kelly, C.A. 1986. Extrafloral nectaries: ants, herbivores and fecundity in Cassia fasciculata. Oecologia 69:600-605.

Koptur, S. 1984. Experimental evidence for defense Inga (Mimosoidae) saplings by ants. Ecology 65:1787-1793.

Lanza, J. 1988. Ant preference for Passiflora nectar mimics that contain amino acids. Biotropica 20(4):341-344.

Lanza, J. 1991. Response of fire ants (Formicidae: Solenopsis invicta and S. geminata) to artificial nectars with amino acids. Ecological Entomology 16:203-210.

Longino, J.T. 1984. Shoots, parasitoids, and ants as forces in the population dynamics of Heliconius Hewitsoni in Costa Rica. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.

McKey, D. 1988. Promising new directions in the study of ant-plant mutualisms. Pages 335-355 in Greuter, W and B. Zimmer (eds): Proceedings of the XIV International Botanical Congress. Koeltz, Konigstein/Taunus.

Oliveira, P.S. 1997. The ecological function of extrafloral nectaries: herbivore deterrence by visiting ants and reproductive output in Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) 11:323-220.

Rico-Gray, V. 1989. The importance of floral and circum-floral nectar to ants inhabiting dry tropical lowlands. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 38:173-181.

Schupp, E.W. 1986. Azteca protection of Cecropia: ant occupation benefits juvenile trees. Oecologia 70:379-385.

Schupp, E.W. and D.H. Feener. 1991. Ant-defended plants in a Panamanian forest. Pages 175-197 in C.R. Huxley and D.F. Cutler, eds. Ant-Plant Interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Smiley, J. 1986. Ant Constancy at Passiflora extrafloral nectaries: Effects on caterpillar survival. Ecology 67:516-521.

Smith, L.L., J. Lanza, and G.C. Smith. 1990. Amino acid concentrations in extrafloral nectar of Impatiens sultani increase after simulated herbivory. Ecology 71:107-115.

Swift, S. and J. Lanza. 1993. How do Passiflora vines produce more extrafloral nectar after simulated herbivory? Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 74:451

Swift, S., J. Bryant, and J. Lanza. 1994. Simulated herbivory on Passiflora incarata causes increase ant attendance. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 75:225.